1、Set基本数据类型
a、set集合,是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
class set(object):
\"\"\"
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
\"\"\"
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Add an element to a set,添加元素
This has no effect if the element is already present.
\"\"\"
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Remove all elements from this set. 清楚内容\"\"\"
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 \"\"\"
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
\"\"\"
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素\"\"\"
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保错
\"\"\"
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
\"\"\"
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 \"\"\"
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False\"\"\"
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列\"\"\"
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列\"\"\"
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
\"\"\"
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保错
\"\"\"
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称交集
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
\"\"\"
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称交集,并更新到a中 \"\"\"
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\"
Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
\"\"\"
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
\"\"\" Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 \"\"\"
pass
b、数据类型模块举例
se = {11,22,33,44,55}
be = {44,55,66,77,88}
# se.add(66)
# print(se) #添加元素,不能直接打印!
#
#
#
# se.clear()
# print(se) #清除se集合里面所有的值,不能清除单个
#
#
#
# ce=be.difference(se) #se中存在,be中不存在的值,必须赋值给一个新的变量
# print(ce)
#
#
# se.difference_update(be)
# print(se) #在se中删除和be相同的值,不能赋值给一个新的变量,先输入转换,然后打印,也不能直接打印!
# se.discard(11)
# print(se) #移除指定元素,移除不存在的时候,不会报错
# se.remove(11)
# print(se) #移除指定的元素,移除不存在的会报错
# se.pop()
# print(se) #移除随机的元素
#
#
# ret=se.pop()
# print(ret) #移除元素,并且可以把移除的元素赋值给另一个变量
# ce = se.intersection(be)
# print(ce) #取出两个集合的交集(相同的元素)
# se.intersection_update(be)
# print(se) #取出两个集合的交集,并更新到se集合中
# ret = se.isdisjoint(be)
# print(ret) #判断两个集合之间又没有交集,如果有交集返回False,没有返回True
# ret=se.issubset(be)
# print(ret) #判断se是否是be集合的子序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase
# ret = se.issuperset(be)
# print(ret) #判断se是不是be集合的父序列,如果是返回True,不是返回Flase
# ret=se.symmetric_difference(be)
# print(ret) #对称交集,取出除了不相同的元素
# se.symmetric_difference_update(be)
# print(se) #对称交集,取出不相同的元素并更新到se集合中
# ret = se.union(be)
# print(ret) #并集,把两个元素集合并在一个新的变量中
2、深浅拷贝
a、数字和字符串
对于 数字 和 字符串 而言,赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义,因为其永远指向同一个内存地址。
import copy # ######### 数字、字符串 ######### n1 = 123 # n1 = \"i am alex age 10\" print(id(n1)) # ## 赋值 ## n2 = n1 print(id(n2)) # ## 浅拷贝 ## n2 = copy.copy(n1) print(id(n2)) # ## 深拷贝 ## n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1) print(id(n3))

b、其他基本数据类型
对于字典、元祖、列表 而言,进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时,其内存地址的变化是不同的。
1、赋值
赋值,只是创建一个变量,该变量指向原来内存地址,如:
n1 = {\"k1\": \"zhangyanlin\", \"k2\": 123, \"k3\": [\"Aylin\", 456]}
n2 = n1

2、浅拷贝
浅拷贝,在内存中只额外创建第一层数据
import copy
n1 = {\"k1\": \"zhangyanlin\", \"k2\": 123, \"k3\": [\"aylin\", 456]}
n3 = copy.copy(n1)
3、深拷贝
深拷贝,在内存中将所有的数据重新创建一份(排除最后一层,即:python内部对字符串和数字的优化)

3、函数
函数式:将某功能代码封装到函数中,日后便无需重复编写,仅调用函数即可
面向对象:对函数进行分类和封装,让开发“更快更好更强…
.函数的定义主要有如下要点:
def:表示函数的关键字
函数名:函数的名称,日后根据函数名调用函数
函数体:函数中进行一系列的逻辑计算,如:发送邮件、计算出 [11,22,38,888,2]中的最大数等…
参数:为函数体提供数据
返回值:当函数执行完毕后,可以给调用者返回数据。
1、返回值
函数是一个功能块,该功能到底执行成功与否,需要通过返回值来告知调用者。
以上要点中,比较重要有参数和返回值:
def 发送短信():
发送短信的代码...
if 发送成功:
return True
else:
return False
while True:
# 每次执行发送短信函数,都会将返回值自动赋值给result
# 之后,可以根据result来写日志,或重发等操作
result = 发送短信()
if result == False:
短信发送失败...
函数的有三中不同的参数:
普通参数
# ######### 定义函数 #########
# name 叫做函数func的形式参数,简称:形参
def func(name):
print name
# ######### 执行函数 #########
# \’zhangyanlin\’ 叫做函数func的实际参数,简称:实参
func(\’zhangyanlin\’)
默认参数
def func(name, age = 18):
print \”%s:%s\” %(name,age)
# 指定参数
func(\’zhangyanlin\’, 19)
# 使用默认参数
func(\’nick\’)
注:默认参数需要放在参数列表最后
动态参数
def func(*args): print args # 执行方式一 func(11,33,4,4454,5) # 执行方式二 li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54] func(*li)
def func(**kwargs):
print args
# 执行方式一
func(name=\'wupeiqi\',age=18)
# 执行方式二
li = {\'name\':\'wupeiqi\', age:18, \'gender\':\'male\'}
func(**li)
def func(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargs
邮件实例:
def email(p,j,k):
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.utils import formataddr
set = True
try:
msg = MIMEText(\'j\', \'plain\', \'utf-8\') #j 邮件内容
msg[\'From\'] = formataddr([\"武沛齐\",\'wptawy@126.com\'])
msg[\'To\'] = formataddr([\"走人\",\'424662508@qq.com\'])
msg[\'Subject\'] = \"k\" #k主题
server = smtplib.SMTP(\"smtp.126.com\", 25)
server.login(\"wptawy@126.com\", \"WW.3945.59\")
server.sendmail(\'wptawy@126.com\', [p], msg.as_string())
server.quit()
except:
set = False
return True
formmail = input(\"请你输入收件人邮箱:\")
zhuti = input(\"请您输入邮件主题:\")
neirong = input(\"请您输入邮件内容:\")
aa=email(formmail,neirong,zhuti)
if aa:
print(\"邮件发送成功!\")
else:
print(\"邮件发送失败!\")