os模块提供了对目录或者文件的新建/删除/查看文件属性，还提供了对文件以及目录的路径操作。比如说：绝对路径，父目录……  但是，os文件的操作还应该包含移动 复制  打包 压缩 解压等操作，这些os模块都没有提供。
而本文所讲的shutil则就是对os中文件操作的补充。–移动 复制  打包 压缩 解压，
shutil函数功能：
1  shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length=16*1024])
copy文件内容到另一个文件，可以copy指定大小的内容
先来看看其源代码。

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
  \"\"\"copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst\"\"\"
  while 1:
    buf = fsrc.read(length)
    if not buf:
      break
    fdst.write(buf)

注意！ 在其中fsrc，fdst都是文件对象，都需要打开后才能进行复制操作

import shutil
f1=open(\'name\',\'r\')
f2=open(\'name_copy\',\'w+\')
shutil.copyfileobj(f1,f2,length=16*1024)

 
2  shutil.copyfile(src,dst)
copy文件内容，是不是感觉上面的文件复制很麻烦？还需要自己手动用open函数打开文件，在这里就不需要了，事实上，copyfile调用了copyfileobj

def copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
  if _samefile(src, dst):
    raise SameFileError(\"{!r} and {!r} are the same file\".format(src, dst))
  for fn in [src, dst]:
    try:
      st = os.stat(fn)
    except OSError:
      # File most likely does not exist
      pass
    else:
      # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
      if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
        raise SpecialFileError(\"`%s` is a named pipe\" % fn)
  if not follow_symlinks and os.path.islink(src):
    os.symlink(os.readlink(src), dst)
  else:
    with open(src, \'rb\') as fsrc:
      with open(dst, \'wb\') as fdst:
        copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
  return dst

shutil.copyfile(\'name\',\'name_copy_2\')
#一句就可以实现复制文件内容

3  shutil.copymode(src,dst)  
仅copy权限，不更改文件内容，组和用户。

def copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
  if not follow_symlinks and os.path.islink(src) and os.path.islink(dst):
    if hasattr(os, \'lchmod\'):
      stat_func, chmod_func = os.lstat, os.lchmod
    else:
      return
  elif hasattr(os, \'chmod\'):
    stat_func, chmod_func = os.stat, os.chmod
  else:
    return
  st = stat_func(src)
  chmod_func(dst, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode))

先看两个文件的权限

[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2

运行命令

>>> import shutil
>>> shutil.copymode(\'test1\',\'test2\')

查看结果

[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2

当我们将目标文件换为一个不存在的文件时报错

>>> shutil.copymode(\'test1\',\'test3\')  
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File \"\", line 1, in 
 File \"/usr/local/python/lib/python3.4/shutil.py\", line 132, in copymode
  chmod_func(dst, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode))
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: \'test233\'

4  shutil.copystat(src,dst)   
复制所有的状态信息，包括权限，组，用户，时间等

def copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):

  def _nop(*args, ns=None, follow_symlinks=None):
    pass
  # follow symlinks (aka don\'t not follow symlinks)
  follow = follow_symlinks or not (os.path.islink(src) and os.path.islink(dst))
  if follow:
    # use the real function if it exists
    def lookup(name):
      return getattr(os, name, _nop)
  else:
    # use the real function only if it exists
    # *and* it supports follow_symlinks
    def lookup(name):
      fn = getattr(os, name, _nop)
      if fn in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
        return fn
      return _nop
  st = lookup(\"stat\")(src, follow_symlinks=follow)
  mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
  lookup(\"utime\")(dst, ns=(st.st_atime_ns, st.st_mtime_ns),
    follow_symlinks=follow)
  try:
    lookup(\"chmod\")(dst, mode, follow_symlinks=follow)
  except NotImplementedError:
    # if we got a NotImplementedError, it\'s because
    #  * follow_symlinks=False,
    #  * lchown() is unavailable, and
    #  * either
    #    * fchownat() is unavailable or
    #    * fchownat() doesn\'t implement AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.
    #     (it returned ENOSUP.)
    # therefore we\'re out of options--we simply cannot chown the
    # symlink. give up, suppress the error.
    # (which is what shutil always did in this circumstance.)
    pass
  if hasattr(st, \'st_flags\'):
    try:
      lookup(\"chflags\")(dst, st.st_flags, follow_symlinks=follow)
    except OSError as why:
      for err in \'EOPNOTSUPP\', \'ENOTSUP\':
        if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
          break
      else:
        raise
  _copyxattr(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow)

 
5  shutil.copy(src,dst)  
复制文件的内容以及权限，先copyfile后copymode

 def copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):

  if os.path.isdir(dst):
    dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
  copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
  copymode(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
  return dst

6  shutil.copy2(src,dst)   
复制文件的内容以及文件的所有状态信息。先copyfile后copystat

def copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
  \"\"\"Copy data and all stat info (\"cp -p src dst\"). Return the file\'s
  destination.\"
  The destination may be a directory.
  If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won\'t be followed. This
  resembles GNU\'s \"cp -P src dst\".
  \"\"\"
  if os.path.isdir(dst):
    dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
  copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
  copystat(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
  return dst

 
7  shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,ignore_dangling_symlinks=False)  
递归的复制文件内容及状态信息

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
       ignore_dangling_symlinks=False):

  names = os.listdir(src)
  if ignore is not None:
    ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
  else:
    ignored_names = set()
  os.makedirs(dst)
  errors = []
  for name in names:
    if name in ignored_names:
      continue
    srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
    dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
    try:
      if os.path.islink(srcname):
        linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
        if symlinks:
          # We can\'t just leave it to `copy_function` because legacy
          # code with a custom `copy_function` may rely on copytree
          # doing the right thing.
          os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
          copystat(srcname, dstname, follow_symlinks=not symlinks)
        else:
          # ignore dangling symlink if the flag is on
          if not os.path.exists(linkto) and ignore_dangling_symlinks:
            continue
          # otherwise let the copy occurs. copy2 will raise an error
          if os.path.isdir(srcname):
            copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore,
                 copy_function)
          else:
            copy_function(srcname, dstname)
      elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
        copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function)
      else:
        # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
        copy_function(srcname, dstname)
    # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
    # continue with other files
    except Error as err:
      errors.extend(err.args[0])
    except OSError as why:
      errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
  try:
    copystat(src, dst)
  except OSError as why:
    # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
    if getattr(why, \'winerror\', None) is None:
      errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
  if errors:
    raise Error(errors)
  return dst
# version vulnerable to race conditions

[root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_test/
copytree_test/
└── test
  ├── test1
  ├── test2
  └── hahaha
[root@slyoyo test]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 hahaha
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root  0 May 14 19:36 test2
>>> shutil.copytree(\'copytree_test\',\'copytree_copy\')
\'copytree_copy\'
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python  79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 19:10 test2
[root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_copy/
copytree_copy/
└── test
  ├── hahaha
  ├── test1
  └── test2

 
8  shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)  
递归地删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):

  if ignore_errors:
    def onerror(*args):
      pass
  elif onerror is None:
    def onerror(*args):
      raise
  if _use_fd_functions:
    # While the unsafe rmtree works fine on bytes, the fd based does not.
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
      path = os.fsdecode(path)
    # Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
    # lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
    try:
      orig_st = os.lstat(path)
    except Exception:
      onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
      return
    try:
      fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY)
    except Exception:
      onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
      return
    try:
      if os.path.samestat(orig_st, os.fstat(fd)):
        _rmtree_safe_fd(fd, path, onerror)
        try:
          os.rmdir(path)
        except OSError:
          onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
      else:
        try:
          # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
          raise OSError(\"Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link\")
        except OSError:
          onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
    finally:
      os.close(fd)
  else:
    return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror)

 
9  shutil.move(src, dst)   
递归的移动文件

def move(src, dst):

  real_dst = dst
  if os.path.isdir(dst):
    if _samefile(src, dst):
      # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
      # perform the rename anyway.
      os.rename(src, dst)
      return
    real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
    if os.path.exists(real_dst):
      raise Error(\"Destination path \'%s\' already exists\" % real_dst)
  try:
    os.rename(src, real_dst)
  except OSError:
    if os.path.islink(src):
      linkto = os.readlink(src)
      os.symlink(linkto, real_dst)
      os.unlink(src)
    elif os.path.isdir(src):
      if _destinsrc(src, dst):
        raise Error(\"Cannot move a directory \'%s\' into itself \'%s\'.\" % (src, dst))
      copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
      rmtree(src)
    else:
      copy2(src, real_dst)
      os.unlink(src)
  return real_dst

 
10  make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None) 

压缩打包

def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
         dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):

  save_cwd = os.getcwd()
  if root_dir is not None:
    if logger is not None:
      logger.debug(\"changing into \'%s\'\", root_dir)
    base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
    if not dry_run:
      os.chdir(root_dir)
  if base_dir is None:
    base_dir = os.curdir
  kwargs = {\'dry_run\': dry_run, \'logger\': logger}
  try:
    format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
  except KeyError:
    raise ValueError(\"unknown archive format \'%s\'\" % format)
  func = format_info[0]
  for arg, val in format_info[1]:
    kwargs[arg] = val
  if format != \'zip\':
    kwargs[\'owner\'] = owner
    kwargs[\'group\'] = group
  try:
    filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
  finally:
    if root_dir is not None:
      if logger is not None:
        logger.debug(\"changing back to \'%s\'\", save_cwd)
      os.chdir(save_cwd)
  return filename

 
base_name：    压缩打包后的文件名或者路径名
format：          压缩或者打包格式    \”zip\”, \”tar\”, \”bztar\”or \”gztar\”
root_dir :         将哪个目录或者文件打包（也就是源文件）
 

>>> shutil.make_archive(\'tarball\',\'gztar\',root_dir=\'copytree_test\')
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 21:12 tarball.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python  79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 19:10 test2