os模块提供了对目录或者文件的新建/删除/查看文件属性，还提供了对文件以及目录的路径操作。比如说：绝对路径，父目录…… 但是，os文件的操作还应该包含移动 复制 打包 压缩 解压等操作，这些os模块都没有提供。
而本文所讲的shutil则就是对os中文件操作的补充。–移动 复制 打包 压缩 解压，
shutil函数功能：
1 shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length=16*1024])
copy文件内容到另一个文件，可以copy指定大小的内容
先来看看其源代码。
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
\"\"\"copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst\"\"\"
while 1:
buf = fsrc.read(length)
if not buf:
break
fdst.write(buf)
注意！ 在其中fsrc，fdst都是文件对象，都需要打开后才能进行复制操作
import shutil f1=open(\'name\',\'r\') f2=open(\'name_copy\',\'w+\') shutil.copyfileobj(f1,f2,length=16*1024)
2 shutil.copyfile(src,dst)
copy文件内容，是不是感觉上面的文件复制很麻烦？还需要自己手动用open函数打开文件，在这里就不需要了，事实上，copyfile调用了copyfileobj
def copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
if _samefile(src, dst):
raise SameFileError(\"{!r} and {!r} are the same file\".format(src, dst))
for fn in [src, dst]:
try:
st = os.stat(fn)
except OSError:
# File most likely does not exist
pass
else:
# XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
raise SpecialFileError(\"`%s` is a named pipe\" % fn)
if not follow_symlinks and os.path.islink(src):
os.symlink(os.readlink(src), dst)
else:
with open(src, \'rb\') as fsrc:
with open(dst, \'wb\') as fdst:
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
return dst
shutil.copyfile(\'name\',\'name_copy_2\') #一句就可以实现复制文件内容
3 shutil.copymode(src,dst)
仅copy权限，不更改文件内容，组和用户。
def copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
if not follow_symlinks and os.path.islink(src) and os.path.islink(dst):
if hasattr(os, \'lchmod\'):
stat_func, chmod_func = os.lstat, os.lchmod
else:
return
elif hasattr(os, \'chmod\'):
stat_func, chmod_func = os.stat, os.chmod
else:
return
st = stat_func(src)
chmod_func(dst, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode))
先看两个文件的权限
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l total 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 79 May 14 05:17 test1 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2
运行命令
>>> import shutil >>> shutil.copymode(\'test1\',\'test2\')
查看结果
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l total 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 79 May 14 05:17 test1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2
当我们将目标文件换为一个不存在的文件时报错
>>> shutil.copymode(\'test1\',\'test3\') Traceback (most recent call last): File \"\", line 1, in File \"/usr/local/python/lib/python3.4/shutil.py\", line 132, in copymode chmod_func(dst, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)) FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: \'test233\'
4 shutil.copystat(src,dst)
复制所有的状态信息，包括权限，组，用户，时间等
def copystat(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
def _nop(*args, ns=None, follow_symlinks=None):
pass
# follow symlinks (aka don\'t not follow symlinks)
follow = follow_symlinks or not (os.path.islink(src) and os.path.islink(dst))
if follow:
# use the real function if it exists
def lookup(name):
return getattr(os, name, _nop)
else:
# use the real function only if it exists
# *and* it supports follow_symlinks
def lookup(name):
fn = getattr(os, name, _nop)
if fn in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
return fn
return _nop
st = lookup(\"stat\")(src, follow_symlinks=follow)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
lookup(\"utime\")(dst, ns=(st.st_atime_ns, st.st_mtime_ns),
follow_symlinks=follow)
try:
lookup(\"chmod\")(dst, mode, follow_symlinks=follow)
except NotImplementedError:
# if we got a NotImplementedError, it\'s because
# * follow_symlinks=False,
# * lchown() is unavailable, and
# * either
# * fchownat() is unavailable or
# * fchownat() doesn\'t implement AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.
# (it returned ENOSUP.)
# therefore we\'re out of options--we simply cannot chown the
# symlink. give up, suppress the error.
# (which is what shutil always did in this circumstance.)
pass
if hasattr(st, \'st_flags\'):
try:
lookup(\"chflags\")(dst, st.st_flags, follow_symlinks=follow)
except OSError as why:
for err in \'EOPNOTSUPP\', \'ENOTSUP\':
if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
break
else:
raise
_copyxattr(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow)
5 shutil.copy(src,dst)
复制文件的内容以及权限，先copyfile后copymode
def copy(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
copymode(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
return dst
6 shutil.copy2(src,dst)
复制文件的内容以及文件的所有状态信息。先copyfile后copystat
def copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
\"\"\"Copy data and all stat info (\"cp -p src dst\"). Return the file\'s
destination.\"
The destination may be a directory.
If follow_symlinks is false, symlinks won\'t be followed. This
resembles GNU\'s \"cp -P src dst\".
\"\"\"
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
copystat(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
return dst
7 shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,ignore_dangling_symlinks=False)
递归的复制文件内容及状态信息
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
ignore_dangling_symlinks=False):
names = os.listdir(src)
if ignore is not None:
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
else:
ignored_names = set()
os.makedirs(dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
if name in ignored_names:
continue
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
if symlinks:
# We can\'t just leave it to `copy_function` because legacy
# code with a custom `copy_function` may rely on copytree
# doing the right thing.
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
copystat(srcname, dstname, follow_symlinks=not symlinks)
else:
# ignore dangling symlink if the flag is on
if not os.path.exists(linkto) and ignore_dangling_symlinks:
continue
# otherwise let the copy occurs. copy2 will raise an error
if os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore,
copy_function)
else:
copy_function(srcname, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function)
else:
# Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
copy_function(srcname, dstname)
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error as err:
errors.extend(err.args[0])
except OSError as why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
try:
copystat(src, dst)
except OSError as why:
# Copying file access times may fail on Windows
if getattr(why, \'winerror\', None) is None:
errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error(errors)
return dst
# version vulnerable to race conditions
[root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_test/ copytree_test/ └── test ├── test1 ├── test2 └── hahaha [root@slyoyo test]# ls -l total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 hahaha -rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 test1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:36 test2 >>> shutil.copytree(\'copytree_test\',\'copytree_copy\') \'copytree_copy\' [root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l total 12 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test -rw-r--r--. 1 python python 79 May 14 05:17 test1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2 [root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_copy/ copytree_copy/ └── test ├── hahaha ├── test1 └── test2
8 shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None)
递归地删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
if ignore_errors:
def onerror(*args):
pass
elif onerror is None:
def onerror(*args):
raise
if _use_fd_functions:
# While the unsafe rmtree works fine on bytes, the fd based does not.
if isinstance(path, bytes):
path = os.fsdecode(path)
# Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
# lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
try:
orig_st = os.lstat(path)
except Exception:
onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
return
try:
fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY)
except Exception:
onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
return
try:
if os.path.samestat(orig_st, os.fstat(fd)):
_rmtree_safe_fd(fd, path, onerror)
try:
os.rmdir(path)
except OSError:
onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
else:
try:
# symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
raise OSError(\"Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link\")
except OSError:
onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
finally:
os.close(fd)
else:
return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror)
9 shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的移动文件
def move(src, dst):
real_dst = dst
if os.path.isdir(dst):
if _samefile(src, dst):
# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
# perform the rename anyway.
os.rename(src, dst)
return
real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
raise Error(\"Destination path \'%s\' already exists\" % real_dst)
try:
os.rename(src, real_dst)
except OSError:
if os.path.islink(src):
linkto = os.readlink(src)
os.symlink(linkto, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)
elif os.path.isdir(src):
if _destinsrc(src, dst):
raise Error(\"Cannot move a directory \'%s\' into itself \'%s\'.\" % (src, dst))
copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
rmtree(src)
else:
copy2(src, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)
return real_dst
10 make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None)
压缩打包
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
save_cwd = os.getcwd()
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug(\"changing into \'%s\'\", root_dir)
base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
if not dry_run:
os.chdir(root_dir)
if base_dir is None:
base_dir = os.curdir
kwargs = {\'dry_run\': dry_run, \'logger\': logger}
try:
format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError(\"unknown archive format \'%s\'\" % format)
func = format_info[0]
for arg, val in format_info[1]:
kwargs[arg] = val
if format != \'zip\':
kwargs[\'owner\'] = owner
kwargs[\'group\'] = group
try:
filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
finally:
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug(\"changing back to \'%s\'\", save_cwd)
os.chdir(save_cwd)
return filename
base_name： 压缩打包后的文件名或者路径名
format： 压缩或者打包格式 \”zip\”, \”tar\”, \”bztar\”or \”gztar\”
root_dir : 将哪个目录或者文件打包（也就是源文件）
>>> shutil.make_archive(\'tarball\',\'gztar\',root_dir=\'copytree_test\') [root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l total 12 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 21:12 tarball.tar.gz -rw-r--r--. 1 python python 79 May 14 05:17 test1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 14 19:10 test2