锁

python的内置数据结构比如列表和字典等是线程安全的，但是简单数据类型比如整数和浮点数则不是线程安全的，要这些简单数据类型的通过操作，就需要使用锁。

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# coding=utf-8

import threading

shared_resource_with_lock = 0
shared_resource_with_no_lock = 0
COUNT = 100000
shared_resource_lock = threading.Lock()

####LOCK MANAGEMENT##
def increment_with_lock():
  global shared_resource_with_lock
  for i in range(COUNT):
    shared_resource_lock.acquire()
    shared_resource_with_lock += 1
    shared_resource_lock.release()
    
def decrement_with_lock():
  global shared_resource_with_lock
  for i in range(COUNT):
    shared_resource_lock.acquire()
    shared_resource_with_lock -= 1
    shared_resource_lock.release()
    ####NO LOCK MANAGEMENT ##
  
def increment_without_lock():
  global shared_resource_with_no_lock
  for i in range(COUNT):
    shared_resource_with_no_lock += 1
  
def decrement_without_lock():
  global shared_resource_with_no_lock
  for i in range(COUNT):
    shared_resource_with_no_lock -= 1
  
####the Main program
if __name__ == \"__main__\":
  t1 = threading.Thread(target = increment_with_lock)
  t2 = threading.Thread(target = decrement_with_lock)
  t3 = threading.Thread(target = increment_without_lock)
  t4 = threading.Thread(target = decrement_without_lock)
  t1.start()
  t2.start()
  t3.start()
  t4.start()
  t1.join()
  t2.join()
  t3.join()
  t4.join()
  print (\"the value of shared variable with lock management is %s\"\\
  %shared_resource_with_lock)
  print (\"the value of shared variable with race condition is %s\"\\
  %shared_resource_with_no_lock)

执行结果：

$ ./threading_lock.py 

the value of shared variable with lock management is 0
the value of shared variable with race condition is 0

又如：

import random
import threading
import time
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
          format=\'(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s\',
          )
          
class Counter(object):
  def __init__(self, start=0):
    self.lock = threading.Lock()
    self.value = start
  def increment(self):
    logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
    logging.debug(\'Waiting for lock\')
    self.lock.acquire()
    try:
      pause = random.randint(1,3)
      logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
      logging.debug(\'Acquired lock\')      
      self.value = self.value + 1
      logging.debug(\'lock {0} seconds\'.format(pause))
      time.sleep(pause)
    finally:
      self.lock.release()
def worker(c):
  for i in range(2):
    pause = random.randint(1,3)
    logging.debug(time.ctime(time.time()))
    logging.debug(\'Sleeping %0.02f\', pause)
    time.sleep(pause)
    c.increment()
  logging.debug(\'Done\')
counter = Counter()
for i in range(2):
  t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(counter,))
  t.start()
logging.debug(\'Waiting for worker threads\')
main_thread = threading.currentThread()
for t in threading.enumerate():
  if t is not main_thread:
    t.join()
logging.debug(\'Counter: %d\', counter.value)

执行结果：

$ python threading_lock.py 

(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:18 2015
(Thread-1 ) Sleeping 3.00
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:18 2015
(MainThread) Waiting for worker threads
(Thread-2 ) Sleeping 2.00
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:20 2015
(Thread-2 ) Waiting for lock
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:20 2015
(Thread-2 ) Acquired lock
(Thread-2 ) lock 2 seconds
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:21 2015
(Thread-1 ) Waiting for lock
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:22 2015
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:22 2015
(Thread-2 ) Sleeping 2.00
(Thread-1 ) Acquired lock
(Thread-1 ) lock 1 seconds
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:23 2015
(Thread-1 ) Sleeping 2.00
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:24 2015
(Thread-2 ) Waiting for lock
(Thread-2 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:24 2015
(Thread-2 ) Acquired lock
(Thread-2 ) lock 1 seconds
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:25 2015
(Thread-1 ) Waiting for lock
(Thread-1 ) Tue Sep 15 15:49:25 2015
(Thread-1 ) Acquired lock
(Thread-1 ) lock 2 seconds
(Thread-2 ) Done
(Thread-1 ) Done
(MainThread) Counter: 4

acquire()中传入False值，可以检查是否获得了锁。比如：

import logging
import threading
import time
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
          format=\'(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s\',
          )
          
def lock_holder(lock):
  logging.debug(\'Starting\')
  while True:
    lock.acquire()
    try:
      logging.debug(\'Holding\')
      time.sleep(0.5)
    finally:
      logging.debug(\'Not holding\')
      lock.release()
    time.sleep(0.5)
  return
          
def worker(lock):
  logging.debug(\'Starting\')
  num_tries = 0
  num_acquires = 0
  while num_acquires < 3:
    time.sleep(0.5)
    logging.debug(\'Trying to acquire\')
    have_it = lock.acquire(0)
    try:
      num_tries += 1
      if have_it:
        logging.debug(\'Iteration %d: Acquired\',
               num_tries)
        num_acquires += 1
      else:
        logging.debug(\'Iteration %d: Not acquired\',
               num_tries)
    finally:
      if have_it:
        lock.release()
  logging.debug(\'Done after %d iterations\', num_tries)
lock = threading.Lock()
holder = threading.Thread(target=lock_holder,
             args=(lock,),
             name=\'LockHolder\')
holder.setDaemon(True)
holder.start()
worker = threading.Thread(target=worker,
             args=(lock,),
             name=\'Worker\')
worker.start()

执行结果：

$ python threading_lock_noblock.py 

(LockHolder) Starting
(LockHolder) Holding
(Worker  ) Starting
(LockHolder) Not holding
(Worker  ) Trying to acquire
(Worker  ) Iteration 1: Acquired
(LockHolder) Holding
(Worker  ) Trying to acquire
(Worker  ) Iteration 2: Not acquired
(LockHolder) Not holding
(Worker  ) Trying to acquire
(Worker  ) Iteration 3: Acquired
(LockHolder) Holding
(Worker  ) Trying to acquire
(Worker  ) Iteration 4: Not acquired
(LockHolder) Not holding
(Worker  ) Trying to acquire
(Worker  ) Iteration 5: Acquired
(Worker  ) Done after 5 iterations

线程安全锁

threading.RLock()

返回可重入锁对象。重入锁必须由获得它的线程释放。一旦线程获得了重入锁，同一线程可不阻塞地再次获得，获取之后必须释放。

通常一个线程只能获取一次锁：

import threading

lock = threading.Lock()

print \'First try :\', lock.acquire()
print \'Second try:\', lock.acquire(0)

执行结果：

$ python threading_lock_reacquire.py

First try : True
Second try: False

使用RLock可以获取多次锁：

import threading
lock = threading.RLock()
print \'First try :\', lock.acquire()
print \'Second try:\', lock.acquire(0)

执行结果：

python threading_rlock.py 

First try : True
Second try: 1

再来看一个例子：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# coding=utf-8
import threading
import time
class Box(object):
  lock = threading.RLock()
  def __init__(self):
    self.total_items = 0
  def execute(self,n):
    Box.lock.acquire()
    self.total_items += n
    Box.lock.release()
  def add(self):
    Box.lock.acquire()
    self.execute(1)
    Box.lock.release()
  def remove(self):
    Box.lock.acquire()
    self.execute(-1)
    Box.lock.release()
    
## These two functions run n in separate
## threads and call the Box\'s methods    
def adder(box,items):
  while items > 0:
    print (\"adding 1 item in the box\\n\")
    box.add()
    time.sleep(5)
    items -= 1
    
def remover(box,items):
  while items > 0:
    print (\"removing 1 item in the box\")
    box.remove()
    time.sleep(5)
    items -= 1
    
## the main program build some
## threads and make sure it works
if __name__ == \"__main__\":
  items = 5
  print (\"putting %s items in the box \" % items)
  box = Box()
  t1 = threading.Thread(target=adder,args=(box,items))
  t2 = threading.Thread(target=remover,args=(box,items))
  t1.start()
  t2.start()
  t1.join()
  t2.join()
  print (\"%s items still remain in the box \" % box.total_items)

执行结果：

$ python3 threading_rlock2.py 

putting 5 items in the box 
adding 1 item in the box
removing 1 item in the box
adding 1 item in the box
removing 1 item in the box
adding 1 item in the box
removing 1 item in the box
removing 1 item in the box
adding 1 item in the box
removing 1 item in the box
adding 1 item in the box
0 items still remain in the box